References

1.
Magill, S. S., O’Leary, E., Janelle, S. J., et al. Changes in Prevalence of Health Care Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;379(18):1732-1744. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1801550
2.
Pennsylvania Health Care Containment Council. Inpatient Utilization Report by County. https://www.phc4.org/reports/utilization/inpatient/
3.
Schreiber PW, Sax H, Wolfensberger A, Clack L, Kuster S. The Preventable Proportion of Healthcare-Associated Infections 2005–2016: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2018;39(11):1277-1295. doi:10.1017/ice.2018.183
4.
R. Douglas Scott, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Direct Medical costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals and the Benefits of Prevention.; 2009. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11550
5.
Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections. Department of Health and Human Services; 2009. https://www.hhs.gov/oidp/topics/health-care-associated-infections/hai-action-plan/index.html
6.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National HAI Targets & Metrics. Published online 2021. https://www.hhs.gov/oidp/topics/health-care-associated-infections/targets-metrics/index.html
7.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022. https://www.R-project.org/
8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Published online 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/ca_uti/uti.html
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Patient Safety Component Manual.; 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/validation/2021/pcsmanual_2021-508.pdf
10.
Lo, E., Nicolle, L.E., Coffin, S.E., et al. Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2014;35(5):464-479.
11.
McGuckin M. The Patient Survival Guide: 8 Simple Solutions to Prevent Hospital and Healthcare-Associated Infections. (Goldfarb TL, Pronovost P, eds.). Demos Medical Publishing; 2012.
12.
Hollenbeak C. S., Schilling AL. The attributable cost of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the United States: A systematic review. American Journal of Infection Control. 2018;46(7):751-757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.01.015
13.
Patel P.K., Advani S.D., Kofman A.D., et al. Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2023;44(8):1209--1231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2023.137
14.
APIC Implementation Guide: Guide to Preventing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections. Association for Professionals in Infection Prevention; Epidemiology; 2015.
15.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014 National and State Healthcare Associated Infections Progress Report.; 2016.
16.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project—Statistics on Hospital Stays.; 2013.
17.
Peasah, S., McKay, N., Harman, J., Al-Amin, M., & Cook, R. Medicare Non-Payment of Hospital-Acquired Infections: Infection Rates Three Years Post Implementation. Medicare & Medicaid Research Review. 2013;3(3):E1-E16. doi:10.5600/mmrr.003.03.a08
18.
Umscheid, C., Mitchell, M., Doshi, J., Agarwal, R., Williams, K., & Brennan, P. Estimating the Proportion of Healthcare-Associated Infections That Are Reasonably Preventable and the Related Mortality and Costs. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2011;32(2):101--114. doi:10.1086/657912
19.
Buetti M N., Novosad O S., Rupp ME et al. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2022;43(5):553-569. doi:10.1017/ice.2022.87
20.
O’Grady, N.P., Alexander, M., Burns, LA., Dellinger, EP., Garland, J., Heard, S.O., et al. Summary of Recommendations: Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;9(52):1087-1099. doi:10.1093/cid/cir138
21.
Klevens, R. M., Edwards, J. R., Richards, C. L., et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(2):160-166.
22.
Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1198-1208.
23.
Mu, Y., Edwards, J.T., Horan, T.C. Berrios-Torres, S.I., Fridkin S.K. Improving Risk-Adjusted Measures of Surgical Site Infection for the National Healthcare Safety Network. Infect Control & Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(10):970-986.
24.
Lewis, S. S., Moehring, R. W., Chen, L. F., Sexton, D. J, Anderson, D. J. Assessing the Relative Burden of Hospital-Acquired Infections in a Network of Community Hospitals. Infect Control & Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(11):1229-1230.
25.
Ban, K.A., Minei, JP, Laronga, C., et al. Surgical Site Infection Guidelines, 2016 Update. Journal of the Americal College of Surgeons. 2016;224:59-74. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.10.029
26.
Berríos-Torres, S. I., Umscheid, C. A., Bratzler, D. W., et al. & for the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surgery. 2017;152(8):784-791. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904
27.
APIC Implementation Guide: Infection Preventionist’s Guide to the OR. Association for Professionals in Infection Prevention; Epidemiology; 2018.
28.
Calderwood, M., Anderson, D., Bratzler, D., et al. Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2022 Update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2022;44(5):695--720. doi:10.1017/ice.2023.67
29.
Dubberke, E., Carling, P., Carrico, R., et al. Strategies to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2014;35(6):628--645. doi:10.1086/676023
30.
Shaughnessy, M,, Micielli, R., DePestel, D., et al. Evaluation of Hospital Room Assignment and Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Infection. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2011;32(3):201--206. doi:10.1086/658669
31.
Sood T G., Galai N. Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) in a Previous Room Occupant Predicts CDI in Subsequent Room Occupants across Different Hospital Settings.
32.
Magill O S. S., Team EIPHPS. Antimicrobial Use in US Hospitals: Comparison of Results From Emerging Infections Program Prevalence Surveys, 2015 and 2011. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020;72(10):1784-1792. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa373
33.
Guh M A. Trends in U.S. Burden of Clostridioides difficile Infection and Outcomes. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(14):1320-1330. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1910215
34.
McDonald, L. C., Gerding, D. N, Johnson, S., et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;66(7):e1-e48. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1085
35.
Shrestha, M. P., Bime, C., Taleban, S. Decreasing Clostridium difficile–Associated Fatality Rates Among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: 2004-2014. The American Journal of Medicine. 2018;131(1):90--96. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.07.022
36.
Forster, A.J., Taljaard, M., Oake, N., Wilson, K., Roth, V., & van Walraven, C. The Effect of Hospital-Acquired Infection with Clostridium. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2012;184(1):37--42. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110543
37.
Reveles, K. R., Lawson, K. A., Mortensen, E. M., et al. National Epidemiology of Initial and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in the Veterans Health Administration from 2003 to 2014. Plos One. 2017;12(12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189227
38.
APIC Implementation Guide: Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile Infections. Association for Professionals in Infection Prevention; Epidemiology, APIC; 2013.
39.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare Settings | MRSA | CDC. Published online 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/index.html
40.
Calfee, D., Salgado, C., Milstone, et al. Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2014;35(7):772-796. doi:10.1086/676534
41.
Jackson, K.A., Bohm, M.K., Brooks, J.T., et al. Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections Among Persons Who Inject Drugs — Six Sites, 2005–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:625--628. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a2
42.
Kourtis , A P and Hatfield , K and Baggs , J, et.al. Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections — United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(9):214--219. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6809e1
43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Published online 2023. https://arpsp.cdc.gov/profile/nhsn/mrsa
44.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Infections in Healthcare | MRSA | CDC. Published online 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/inpatient.html
45.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies to Prevent Hospital-Onset Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections in Acute Care Facilities. Published online 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/prevent/staph-prevention-strategies.html
46.
Banach, D., Bearman, G., Barnden, M., et al. Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2018;39(2):127--144. doi:10.1017/ice.2017.245
47.
Institute S. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Vol 2. Sas Inst; 1985.
48.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The NHSN Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR): A Guide to the SIR. Centers for Disease Control; Prevention; 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/ps-analysis-resources/nhsn-sir-guide.pdf
49.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report.; 2021.
50.
Kepner J S. Patient Safety Trends in 2021: An Analysis of 288,882 Serious Events and Incidents From the Nation’s Largest Event Reporting Database. Patient Safety. 2022;4(2):18-33. doi:https://doi.org/10.33940/data/2022.6.2